The establishment of various former homelands with associated homeland towns and R293 towns was, to a large extent, a manifestation of a policy of territorial apartheid with the intention of redirecting black urbanisation into these areas. Winterveld, like many other R293 towns, is no exception. Following its inclusion into the former Bophuthatswana homeland in 1977, Winterveld was used to accommodate non-Tswana who were rejected on the basis of race and ethnicity by the South African and Bophuthatswana governments, respectively. With neither of the two governments prepared to take responsibility in terms of governance and socio-economic development in Winterveld, the standard of services and infrastructure has, over the years, continued to deteriorate rapidly. However, despite inherent backlogs and existing challenges, community interviews in 2014/15 and an analysis of the latest socio-economic data refuted a long-standing, historic